340. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias

340. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias

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439. The Semiflexible Era: Schindler and the Pre-Fiberoptic Revolution

By the early 20th century, endoscopy had evolved from candle-lit brass tubes into electrically illuminated rigid instruments. The decisive shift toward flexibility — the stage upon which Rudolf Schindler would make his contribution — was the product of several converging advances ...  Show more

438. From Mirrors to Incandescent Bulbs: The 19th- Century Leap

By the mid-19th century, improvements in illumination and optics transformed endoscopy from a theoretical idea into a practical clinical tool, culminating in Antoine Jean Desormeaux's work in Paris in 1853. Building on Bozzini's Lichtleiter and frustrated by diagnostic limits of ...  Show more

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