396. Eye Fundamentals

396. Eye Fundamentals

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442. Beyond the Horizon: Ongoing Innovations and the Future of Endoscopy

The close of the 20th century saw endoscopy and laparoscopy evolve from passive optical tools into dynamic platforms that integrated real-time guidance, autonomous movement, and computational interpretation for navigation, diagnosis, and therapy. 

441. From Fiber to Video: The Visual Revolution in Endoscopy and Laparoscopy

By the mid-20th century, endoscopy's long-standing challenge of safely illuminating internal structures was transformed by postwar advances—especially Harold Hopkins's 1950s rod-lens system, which enabled brighter, distortion-free, miniaturized imaging that could reliably guide c ...  Show more

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